![]() The Kangbuk Samsung Health Study is a cohort study of South Korean men and women 18 years of age or older who underwent comprehensive annual or biennial health examinations from 2002 to 2012 at Kangbuk Samsung Hospital Health Screening Center in Seoul and Suwon, South Korea. We analyzed mortality data from all causes in participants of a health check-up program at a tertiary Korean hospital and categorized the data according to urine albumin level. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of trace albuminuria measured via dipstick urinalysis in all-cause mortality within the Korean adults. K-DOQI guidelines recommend quantitative confirmation of proteinuria only in the case of positive (> 1+) dipstick results. Trace values are often overlooked in clinical practice, as the clinical significance of this value is not well understood. This method of measuring albumin is semi-quantitative, with values reported as negative, trace (±), 1+, 2+, 3+, and 4+. Īlthough quantitative methods of measuring urine albumin, such as the albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) and the protein to creatinine ratio (PCR), are widely used clinically, the dipstick urinalysis is still a fundamental part of an evaluation for renal disease due to its ease of use and the diverse information it yields at a low cost. Furthermore, recent studies have shown that even low-grade albuminuria, i.e., that below the current microalbuminuria threshold, is predictive of cardiovascular disease, progression of chronic kidney disease, and increased mortality. Moderately increased urinary albumin, also called microalbuminuria, is an early manifestation of diabetic nephropathy, a predictor of cardiovascular diseases and is associated with higher mortality from cardiovascular and all other causes. Īs the sensitivity of albumin testing has improved, questions regarding the clinical importance of low-level albuminuria have also emerged. For this reason, the 2012 KDIGO guidelines recommended including albuminuria as a parameter in the staging of CKD. Karger AG, BaselĪlbuminuria is a well-known risk factor of the progression of renal disease and development of cardiovascular disease and has been shown to be associated with higher mortality in subjects with or without chronic kidney disease (CKD). We should not neglect the significance of trace albumin and SG when interpreting urinalysis results. Conclusion: Trace albumin with low SG in urine dipstick test was associated with higher all-cause mortality in Korean adults. Mortality was compared to negative group and adjusted for potential risk factors. Results: During a median follow-up period of 5.9 years, 1,855 deaths occurred. Mortality data was obtained from STATICS KOREA, a Korean federal statistical organization. The trace group was further stratified by urine specific gravity (SG) and classified as either high (≥1.020) or low (≤1.015) SG. The participants were divided into three groups according to dipstick negative, trace (±), and overt (≥1+) albuminuria. Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, we analyzed 347,938 Korean adults who underwent urine dipstick test from 2002 to 2012 in a health examination program. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of trace albuminuria in predicting all-cause mortality in Korean adults. ![]() Background/Aims: The importance of a trace albumin on the urine dipstick test is not well known and is frequently disregarded in clinical practice. ![]()
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